Journal of Equine Veterinary Science

Information for Readers

2010-02-01

Welcome to the 2nd AAEP Foundation “Equine Laminitis Research Workshop”72

2ND AAEP Foundation “Equine Laminitis Research Workshop!”

Edward L. Squires — 2010-02-01

This issue of JEVS is dedicated to the information presented at the “Equine Laminitis Research Workshop” supported by the AAEP Foundation and in partnership with the “Fifth International Equine Conference on Laminitis and Diseases of the Foot” held in West Palm Beach, Florida, on November 8–10, 2009. The first Equine Research Panel was 5 years ago in Louisville, KY, followed by the 2007 Havemeyer International Workshop on Equine Laminitis in Litchfield Beach, South Carolina.

Welcome to the 2nd American Association of Equine Practitioners Foundation Equine Laminitis Research Workshop

Rustin M. Moore — 2010-02-01

Five years ago at the first American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) Foundation Equine Laminitis Research Panel and Meeting, as I sat with the original organizing committee and more than 40 researchers and graduate students from around the world in Louisville, none of us could have imagined the world changing events that were to occur. On May 20, 2006, at the Preakness, Barbaro's horrific injury stands out as a significant point in time and the 8-month emotional and courageous battle with laminitis that ensued. The injury and subsequent events provided the veterinary profession with an unmatched public relations opportunity to teach the world about the devastating disease known as laminitis. The plight of Barbaro served to instantly expand general awareness of laminitis and this, I believe, has helped us in our goal to increase funding and research for our equine patients. Much has changed in five short years with much more ahead of us, and this is the reason we gather for this workshop–to share information on prevention, cutting-edge research, and possible treatments of this dreaded disease, with the plan to focus on the challenges that lie before us.

“Vision 20/20 – Conquer Laminitis by 2020”

Rustin M. Moore, Bud, Marilyn Jenne — 2010-02-01

A Clarified Vision for the Equine Community to Work Collaboratively and Cooperatively to Understand, Embrace, and Achieve!“They can conquer who believe they can.”--Virgil The most famous horse known to the general public to have developed laminitis may have been Barbaro, but possibly the most famous racehorse, Secretariat, also died as a result of laminitis 20 years ago. To those of you who have been attending the International Equine Conference on Laminitis and Diseases of the Foot (IECLDF; Laminitis Conference) from the beginning, Spot Castle might be considered even more famous. If it had not been for Spot, and his caretakers, John K. and Marianne Castle (recipients of the 2008 AAEP George Stubbs Award, an honor that recognizes contributions made to equine veterinary medicine by individuals other than veterinarians) and their love for, commitment to, and connection with Spot, as well as their quixotic passion to do better for our equine friends, we would very likely not be celebrating the 5th Laminitis Conference and convening the 2nd AAEP Foundation Equine Laminitis Research Workshop in partnership with the 5th ICELDF. By continually engaging veterinarians, researchers, farriers, caretakers and the greater equine community in a collaborative effort to advance, expand and disseminate knowledge through research and collective experiences to effectively prevent and treat equine laminitis, it is hopeful that collectively we will move closer to our 20/20 vision of conquering this devastating disease by 2020.

The Pain State Arising From the Laminitic Horse: Insights Into Future Analgesic Therapies

Tony L. Yaksh — 2010-02-01

Displacement of the pedal bone within the hoof capsule occurs because of disruption of the dermo-epidermal laminar bond within the hoof. The initiating changes leading to such degenerative responses are not known, but as reviewed in this research workshop, some have argued for local vascular disturbances and perhaps a precipitating local physical stress. The sequelae of these changes in hoof biology is associated with a persistent nociception as evidenced by resistance to weight bearing on that hoof (shifting back and forth between hooves) and increased manifestation of indices of stress, including autonomic responses (heart rate variability and hypertension) and release of adreno pituitary hormones. The severity of this pain state is of such enormity that animals may be euthanized for humane considerations.

Overview of What We Know About the Pathophysiology of Laminitis

Susan C. Eades — 2010-02-01

Laminitis is frustrating for veterinarians because current knowledge and understanding of the pathophysiology and progression of the disease are incomplete, limiting efforts to prevent and treat this devastating disease successfully. However, scientific investigations have recently occurred at a phenomenal rate shedding light on the pathophysiologic events involved with laminitis. Development of acute laminitis often follows other primary diseases; therefore, the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of laminitis are most likely numerous and interrelated. On the basis of the discussion from the 2007 Havemeyer Meeting, inflammation, metabolic disease, and endothelial and vascular dysfunction are considered pivotal events in the development of laminitis.

Lessons Learned From the 2nd American Association of Equine Practitioners Foundation's Equine Laminitis Research Workshop

James A. Orsini, Rustin M. Moore — 2010-02-01

In two short days, presentations and discussions of varied topics ranged from inflammation, vascular, endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance to biomechanics and chronic pain management. What we learned is that there is much information being generated on the topic of LAMINITIS, and all the various pieces of the puzzle serve as the template for the answers to the many questions that loom surrounding this disease. The “World Café” posed a special opportunity to delve into 10 important questions that guides a plan for future funding needs and a timetable to accomplish our vision “To Conquer Laminitis by 2020!” The 2004 AAEP and 2007 Havemeyer Foundation meetings served as the initial springboard to a diversity of topics, and the 2009 workshop represents the most comprehensive coverage on laminitis research and related subjects of the equine foot. While the progress has been great, we still have a long, long way to go. Our goal to eradicate laminitis by 2020 parallels modern medicine's approach to the conquering of human ailments such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. It is indeed a complex endeavor that requires great patience as well as endless hard work over an extended period.

Laminar Chemokine MRNA Concentrations in Horses With Carbohydrate Overload-Induced Laminitis

R.R. Faleiros, B.S. Leise, M. Watts, P.J. Johnson, S.J. Black, J.K. Belknap — 2010-02-01

Chemokines may be considered as possible therapeutic targets in equine laminitis. We have described increased gene expression of the key chemokines interleukin-8 (IL-8) and CXCL1 in horses with Black Walnut extract (BWE, both chemokines) and fructose-induced (IL-8) laminitis. The purpose was to evaluate laminar chemokine gene expression in horses with classical carbohydrate overload (CHO)-induced laminitis.

Inflammatory Cytokine Blood Messenger RNA Expression During the Development of Oligofructose-Induced Laminitis in Horses

L. Tadros, N. Frank, D.W. Horohov — 2010-02-01

Alimentary carbohydrate overload induces systemic inflammation in horses. Clinical signs of systemic inflammation have been detected after carbohydrate overload, but inflammatory cytokine responses have not been characterized.

Hind Laminar Proinflammatory Response Is Present After Carbohydrate Overload

B.S. Leise, P.J. Johnson, R.R. Faleiros, S.J. Black, M.R. Watts, J.K. Belknap — 2010-02-01

Laminar inflammatory events occur to a similar extent in the hind lamina as in the front in the CHO model of laminitis. Laminitis most frequently affects the forelimbs of the horse and infrequently involves the hindlimbs. It is unknown if increased prevalence in forelimbs is due to greater forces sustained by forelimbs, or due to a difference in severity of pathologic events in the hindlimbs.

Equine Neutrophil Elastase in Plasma, Laminar Tissue, and Skin of Horses Administered Black Walnut Heartwood Extract (BWHE)

2010-02-01

Elastase concentrations are increased in the integument of horses during the developmental phase of BWHE-induced laminitis. Current evidence suggests the involvement of neutrophils and myeloperoxidase (MPO), a strong oxidative enzyme in the development of laminitis. Elastase is a protease recognized as a component of inflammatory disorders. Neutrophil elastase concentrations were measured in plasma, skin and laminar tissues from control horses and horses given BWHE

Prostaglandins E2 And F2α as Inflammatory and Vasoactive Mediators in Black Walnut Heartwood Extract-Induced Equine Laminitis

Erik Noschka, James N. Moore, John F. Peroni, Stephen J. Lewis, Tom P. Robertson — 2010-02-01

The increases in plasma levels of prostaglandins E2 (PGE2) and F2α at an early stage of laminitis are consistent with systemic inflammatory events and alterations in laminar microvascular function.

Proliferative Effects of Insulin on Equine Lamellar Epithelial Cells Mediated By the IGF-1 Receptor

S.R. Bailey, S. Chockalingham — 2010-02-01

High concentrations of insulin may have a direct effect on equine lamellar epithelial cells, mediated by the IGF-1 receptor. Hyperinsulinemia may be associated with increased risk of laminitis, and prolonged infusion of insulin can induce laminitis. It is unclear whether insulin may have a direct or indirect effect on the lamellar tissues. Insulin is structurally related to insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), and can bind the IGF-1 receptor, albeit at lower affinity than IGF-1.

Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine and Chemokine Expression Profiles of Various Adipose Tissue Depots of Insulin-Resistant and Insulin-Sensitive Light Breed Horses

T.A. Burns, R.J. Geor, M.C. Mudge, L.J. McCutcheon, J.K. Belknap — 2010-02-01

Expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines is higher in nuchal adipose tissue (AT) than in other depots of adult horses. Insulin resistance (IR) is associated with laminitis in equids. In humans and rodents, omental AT expresses pro-inflammatory cytokines at higher levels than other depots, correlating with systemic insulin resistance. While this has been suggested to contribute to IR in horses, no published data currently support or refute this hypothesis.

Effects of Short-Term Adaptation to Dietary Carbohydrates on Glucose and Insulin Dynamics in Healthy and Overweight/Obese, Insulin Resistant Mares

R. Geor, J. deSilva, K. Meyers, T. Smith, P. Harris — 2010-02-01

Dietary fructose may increase risk of laminitis via exacerbation of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in horses with an insulin resistant phenotype. Dietary carbohydrate intake may modify risk of laminitis via alterations in insulin resistance and/or insulin dynamics. Serum insulin concentration was increased in insulin resistant ponies fed a hay diet supplemented with inulin (3 g/kg/d), while high glycemic diets have been associated with decreased insulin sensitivity in healthy horses. In this study, the relative effects of dietary glucose, fructose and fructan (inulin) on glucose and insulin dynamics were assessed in overweight/obese, insulin resistant (IR) and healthy (Con) Thoroughbred mares.

Insulin Resistance – Comparison of Methods of Fructan Analysis in UK Pasture Grasses

A.C. Longland, P.A. Harris — 2010-02-01

Values for fructan in grass determined by a colorimetric method (McCleary) were consistently lower than those obtained by HPLC. This discrepancy was at least partially due to incomplete hydrolysis of grass fructan by the McCleary fructanase.

Intraosseous Infusion of the Distal Phalanx and Lamellar Microdialysis: New Techniques for Lamellar Drug Delivery and Analysis

Ali R. Nourian, Paul C. Mills, Don M. Walsh, Christopher C. Pollitt — 2010-02-01

IOIDP and LMD are viable techniques for lamellar drug delivery and analysis. Seeking a new approach to laminitis drug delivery we developed and validated intraosseous infusion of the distal phalanx (IOIDP). Lamellar microdialysis (LMD) enabled analysis of lamellar constituents.

Gene and Protein Expression of Polysulfated Proteoglycan ECM Components in the Equine Digital Lamellae

2010-02-01

Genetic and biochemical evidence for large polysulfated proteoglycans in lamellae, but not liver and lung tissue, show that lamellae are functionally specialized to resist compressive forces.

Localization and Function of Sulfated Proteoglycans in the Equine Digital Laminae

2010-02-01

Polysulfated proteoglycans of the lamellar extracellular matrix (ECM) are similar to those of articular cartilage and hence may maintain hydration and resistance to compression.

Temporal Changes in Basement Membrane Proteolysis and Protease Expression During Laminitis Development

Michelle B. Visser, Christopher C. Pollitt — 2010-02-01

Degradation of lamellar basement membrane components occurs prior to changes in MMP expression and activation. Failure of lamellar basement membrane (BM) integrity and cell dysadhesion occurs during the development of equine laminitis. Ln-332 may be involved due to its purported cleavage by MMPs. For this to be true, Ln-332 cleavage and MMP activation must occur together. We conducted temporal studies on the progression of BM and protease events during laminitis.

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Gabapentin in Horses: A Potentially Useful Analgesic Agent for the Treatment of Laminitis

2010-02-01

Gabapentin (20 mg/kg) caused no major adverse effects in normal horses. Although the oral bioavailability is low, gabapentin is worthy of evaluation as an analgesic therapy for laminitis.

The Laminitis Discovery Database

2010-02-01

The Laminitis Discovery Database is a collaborative tissue bank and information resource. Establishment of a centralized laminitis tissue bank was identified as a top priority at the first AAEP Foundation Equine Laminitis Research Workshop. Initiated in 2008, the purpose of the Laminitis Discovery Database is to collect and provide well-documented tissue samples from non-laminitic and experimental and natural laminitic horses for collaborative research.

Modulation of Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation of Equine Digital Arteries By Insulin and Hypoxia

2010-02-01

Increasing evidence suggests that phenotypic traits associated with equine metabolic syndrome, such as insulin resistance, could lead to endothelial dysfunction contributing to the pathogenesis of laminitis.

Effect of Amine Metabolism by SSAO on Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilatory Responses of Krebs Perfused Equine Digits

Y. Berhane, C. Putignano, S.R. Bailey, H. Zerpa, P.A. Harris, J. Elliott — 2010-02-01

Increased amine production by the hind gut is thought to be implicated in the pathogenesis of equine laminitis. Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) is an enzyme that belongs to copper-containing amine oxidases which catalyse the oxidative deamination of primary amines. Increased SSAO activity is thought to play a role in endothelial dysfunction and seasonal increases in plasma SSAO have been documented.

Seasonal Influence on Insulin and Cortisol Results from Overnight Dexamethasone Suppression Tests (DST) in Normal and Previously Laminitic Ponies

K.E. Borer, N.J. Menzies-Gow, Y. Berhane, S.R. Bailey, P.A. Harris, J. Elliott — 2010-02-01

DSTs can be used to aid identification of ponies susceptible to laminitis. Cortisol responses are affected by season, being higher in Summer/Autumn. Seasonal influence on insulin responses has not been previously reported in ponies.

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Ketanserin

I.A. Aljuffali, B. Brainard, J. Moore, D. Allen, T. Robertson, R.D. Arnold — 2010-02-01

Ketanserin reduces agonist-induced platelet aggregation in some, but not all horses. The changes in digital hemodynamics during laminitis implicate 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) produced by activated platelets. This study aimed to determine the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ketanserin, a 5-HT receptor antagonist, in healthy adult horses.

Cellular Proliferation Markers in Lamellar Tissue and Skin Measured by Indirect Immunofluorescence

Rebecca Carter, Susan Megee, Julie Engiles, Makoto Senoo, Hannah Galantino-Homer — 2010-02-01

The regional proliferative potential and state of lamellar tissue may be characterized by immunolocalization of p63 and Ki-67, respectively. Abnormal epidermal proliferation may contribute to the pathology of chronic laminitis.

Differences in Lamellar Protein Expression During Laminitis Induced by a 48h Prolonged Euglycemic-Hyperinsulinemic Clamp

Rebecca Carter, Melody de Laat, Christopher Pollitt, Hannah Galantino-Homer — 2010-02-01

Proteomic analysis of lamellar tissue is a useful tool for investigating the molecular mechanisms of laminitis pathogenesis. Hyperinsulinemia resulting from the prolonged euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp (pEHC) induces laminitis within 48 h in horses. However, the molecular mechanism linking hyperinsulinemia to lamellar pathology is unknown.

Genome-Wide Transcriptome Profiling of Laminar Tissue During Early Stages of Carbohydrate Overload-Induced Equine Laminitis

2010-02-01

Genomewide expression analysis provides clues for mechanisms underlying laminitis pathogenesis. The carbohydrate overload (CHO) model of laminitis in horses closely mimics symptoms and pathology exhibited by clinical cases. The model provides a basis to follow the pathophysiological events associated with laminitis and determine underlying mechanisms that modulate them.

Whole Genome Functional Analysis of Laminar Tissue From Horses With Laminitis Induced by Prolonged Euglycemic-Hyperinsulinemic Clamp

2010-02-01

A global view of genetic pathways and networks associated with laminitis induction provides insight into laminitis pathogenesis. Current knowledge of gene expression underlying laminitis pathogenesis is limited to very few genes. The prolonged euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp (pEHC) experimental model of laminitis was recently developed to study metabolic mechanisms of laminitis pathogenesis.

Clinical and Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitory Effects of Pentoxifylline on Carbohydrate Overload Laminitis: Preliminary Results

Lee Ann Fugler, Susan C. Eades, Catherine E. Koch, Mike L. Keowen — 2010-02-01

Preliminary data suggests that the intravenous administration of PTX may be effective in the prevention and/or treatment of CHO-induced equine laminitis. MMPs are increased in equine laminitis, and PTX is a potent MMP inhibitor. Therefore, we hypothesized that the intravenous administration of PTX would prevent or decrease the severity of lameness during CHO laminitis.

Isolation of Equine Hoof Epidermal Cells for in Vitro Studies

Hannah Galantino-Homer, Susan Megee, Makoto Senoo — 2010-02-01

We present a method for aseptic retrieval of equine hoof epidermal cells. Disruption of basal epidermal cell-basement membrane adhesion is a key event during the developmental and acute phases of laminitis and disorganized proliferation of basal cells may contribute to the pathology of chronic laminitis. The isolation of these cells would facilitate in vitro studies of normal and disrupted basal cell-extracellular matrix adhesion and proliferation and could provide basal epidermal progenitor cells (BEPCs) for autografting following hoof wall resection.

Chemical and Biological Properties of Aqueous Black Walnut Extracts That Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Laminitis

2010-02-01

Black walnut extracts (BWE) generate radicals in aqueous medium, activate leukocytes, alter cell membranes and induce apoptosis in vitro, activities that may account for its rapid effect in horses.

Microarray Analysis of Gene Expression in Laminar Tissue From Horses After Carbohydrate Overload

2010-02-01

Microarrays can identify gene products that may contribute to the progression of laminitis. A 3,000 gene equine cDNA microarray was used to examine gene expression in laminar tissues from horses after carbohydrate (CHO) overload.

Laminar Inflammatory Gene Expression in the Carbohydrate Overload Model of Equine Laminitis

B.S. Leise, P.J. Johnson, R.R. Faleiros, S.J. Black, J.K. Belknap — 2010-02-01

Laminar inflammation is present but delayed in the CHO model of laminitis when compared to BWE. The purpose of this study was to determine if a similar pattern of laminar inflammation characterized by pro-inflammatory mediator expression occurs in the CHO model of laminitis as previously described in the BWE model.

Laminar Regulation of STAT1 and STAT3 in the Black Walnut Extract and Carbohydrate Induced Models of Laminitis

2010-02-01

Activation of STAT1 and STAT3 occurs in both the BWE and CHO model of laminitis and is a possible therapeutic target in laminitis. Similar to sepsis-related organ injury in humans, laminar injury in experimental models of laminitis is associated with marked increases in cytokine expression. JAK-STATs are well known cytokine activated signaling pathways that are reported to play an important role in regulating sepsis-related inflammation and damage in other species. The objective of this study was to determine the regulation of STAT1 and 3 signaling in the laminae in the BWE and CHO model of laminitis.

Insulin Resistance – Hay Analysis and Subsequent Feeding Management

A.C. Longland, C. Barfoot, P.A. Harris — 2010-02-01

Water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) contents of hay are highly variable, as is the decrease associated with soaking. Low WSC hay by analysis should be sought for IR horses with soaking as an added security.

Use of Insulin Results From Overnight Dexamethasone Suppression Test to Identify Previously Laminitic Ponies

N.J. Menzies-Gow, S.R. Bailey, P.A. Harris, J. Elliott — 2010-02-01

Insulin response to dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was previously shown to identify laminitis-prone ponies in a small group of animals. All control and laminitis-prone ponies had post dexamethasone insulin concentrations of < or >75 mIU/L, respectively. This has not been applied to the wider population.

Deep Digital Flexor Tenotomy as a Treatment for Horses With Chronic Laminitis

C.F. Mitchell, R.E. Beadle — 2010-02-01

In horses with severe deviation of P3 and/or solar penetration, pasture soundness is potentially obtainable. Laminitis with severe deviation of P3 often requires more than therapeutic shoeing alone to regain soundness. DDF tenotomy can be performed to decrease tension on the dorsal laminae, to increase comfort and to facilitate more appropriate corrective trimming and shoeing.

Anoxia/Reoxygenation of Equine Endothelial Cells Produce Reactive Oxygen Species: An Oxymetric and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Investigation

2010-02-01

Equine endothelial cells (EC) submitted to anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R) produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Endothelium participates to the regulation of the inflammatory response and ischemia/reperfusion-induced injuries are suspected in laminitis. Herein, we investigated the effect of anoxia/reoxygenation on ROS production by EC.

Contractile Responses of Laminar Blood Vessels Isolated From Horses Given Black Walnut Heartwood Extract, Carbohydrate-Overload or LPS Infusion: Implications for Equine Laminitis

T.P. Robertson, E. Noschka, M. Lopes, S. Kwon, J.F. Peroni, J.N. Moore — 2010-02-01

Laminar veins are dysfunctional in horses with laminitis but not those given LPS. The objective was to determine whether laminar and digital vessels from horses with carbohydrate (CHO) or black walnut heartwood extract (BWHE) -induced laminitis or from horses infused with LPS possess basal tone.

Effects of Intracecal Buffer Solution Treatment in Apoptosis of Epidermal Lamellar Cells in Horses With Experimental Laminitis

2010-02-01

Decreased apoptotic cells number in buffered laminitic group should be considered an important result of this study. Apoptosis is a regulated and controlled process, and its occurrence during diseases has been investigated. We compared apoptotic epidermal cells in the equine laminae during development of CHO-induced laminitis when saline or buffer solution was administrated intracecally.

Potential Role of the Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathway in Equine Laminitis

A.M. Stokes, M.L. Keowen, M. McGeachy, K. Carlisle, F. Garza — 2010-02-01

Up-regulation of the TLR signaling pathway may play a role in laminitis pathogenesis. The toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway is important in orchestrating innate immunity (i.e. inflammation and apoptosis) in response to many factors including bacterial components as well as metabolic alterations. In the cases of GI disruption, portal blood flow may lead to strong stimulation of the hepatic TLR signaling pathway with the subsequent systemic release of inflammatory mediators known to play a role in laminitis. The role of metabolic diseases and their potential link with TLR signaling pathway mediators deserves investigation.

Documentation of the Clinical Outcome of Four Laminitis Cases Managed With the Same Hoof Care and Dietary Management Protocol

2010-02-01

The hoof care and dietary management system described at http://hoofrehab.com/HoofRehabilitationProtocol.pdf resulted in restoration of soundness in four laminitic horses. Similar laminitis cases treated with the same hoof care, nutritional and exercise protocol are documented.

Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin and Matrix Metalloproteinases in Laminar Tissue From Horses Subjected to Intestinal Obstruction and Treated With Hydrocortisone

2010-02-01

Hydrocortisone treatment may be beneficial to reduce the risk of laminitis in horses subjected to intestinal surgery. Laminitis is a major complication of gastrointestinal diseases in horses and its physiopathology is connected with lamellar basement membrane degradation by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and leukocyte infiltration. The objective was to study laminar MMP-2, MMP-9 and NGAL expression in horses subjected to jejunal obstruction treated or not with hydrocortisone.

Leukocyte Infiltration and the Role of Interleukin-6 During the Development of Oligofructose Induced Laminitis

Michelle B. Visser, Christopher C. Pollitt — 2010-02-01

The leukocytic infiltration of carbohydrate induced laminitis is preceded by IL-6 expression. Increased inflammatory cytokine expression (especially IL-6) and infiltration of leukocytes into the lamellar tissue occurs during black walnut extract and other induction models of laminitis. We investigated a role for IL-6 during oligofructose induced laminitis.

Histopathology of Equine Hoof Wall, Skin and Chestnut in Acute Spontaneous Laminitis

Ove Wattle, Elin Hansson — 2010-02-01

The living cells of the lamellae are not the only epidermal cells affected in acute laminitis. Obel (1948) proposed that the pathological changes observed in laminitis are a result of a primary disturbance of the metabolism and differentiation of the keratinising epidermal cells. It is reasonable to believe that other epidermal basal and supra basal cells than those under the influence of the body weight might respond to the possible causative factor(s) of laminitis.

Fructan, Sugar and Starch Concentrations in North American Grass

Kathryn Watts — 2010-02-01

NSC concentrations in grass vary in areas with different species and growing conditions. Data implicating pasture NSC concentrations sufficient to induce laminitis in the field have been generated in growth chambers or other countries. These data have little relevance to horses at pasture in North America.

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science

Information for Readers

Table of Contents

2ND AAEP Foundation “Equine Laminitis Research Workshop!”

Welcome to the 2nd American Association of Equine Practitioners Foundation Equine Laminitis Research Workshop

“Vision 20/20 – Conquer Laminitis by 2020”

The Pain State Arising From the Laminitic Horse: Insights Into Future Analgesic Therapies

Overview of What We Know About the Pathophysiology of Laminitis

Lessons Learned From the 2nd American Association of Equine Practitioners Foundation's Equine Laminitis Research Workshop

Laminar Chemokine MRNA Concentrations in Horses With Carbohydrate Overload-Induced Laminitis

Inflammatory Cytokine Blood Messenger RNA Expression During the Development of Oligofructose-Induced Laminitis in Horses

Hind Laminar Proinflammatory Response Is Present After Carbohydrate Overload

Equine Neutrophil Elastase in Plasma, Laminar Tissue, and Skin of Horses Administered Black Walnut Heartwood Extract (BWHE)

Prostaglandins E2 And F2α as Inflammatory and Vasoactive Mediators in Black Walnut Heartwood Extract-Induced Equine Laminitis

Proliferative Effects of Insulin on Equine Lamellar Epithelial Cells Mediated By the IGF-1 Receptor

Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine and Chemokine Expression Profiles of Various Adipose Tissue Depots of Insulin-Resistant and Insulin-Sensitive Light Breed Horses

Effects of Short-Term Adaptation to Dietary Carbohydrates on Glucose and Insulin Dynamics in Healthy and Overweight/Obese, Insulin Resistant Mares

Insulin Resistance – Comparison of Methods of Fructan Analysis in UK Pasture Grasses

Intraosseous Infusion of the Distal Phalanx and Lamellar Microdialysis: New Techniques for Lamellar Drug Delivery and Analysis

Gene and Protein Expression of Polysulfated Proteoglycan ECM Components in the Equine Digital Lamellae

Localization and Function of Sulfated Proteoglycans in the Equine Digital Laminae

Temporal Changes in Basement Membrane Proteolysis and Protease Expression During Laminitis Development

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Gabapentin in Horses: A Potentially Useful Analgesic Agent for the Treatment of Laminitis

The Laminitis Discovery Database

Modulation of Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation of Equine Digital Arteries By Insulin and Hypoxia

Effect of Amine Metabolism by SSAO on Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilatory Responses of Krebs Perfused Equine Digits

Seasonal Influence on Insulin and Cortisol Results from Overnight Dexamethasone Suppression Tests (DST) in Normal and Previously Laminitic Ponies

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Ketanserin

Cellular Proliferation Markers in Lamellar Tissue and Skin Measured by Indirect Immunofluorescence

Differences in Lamellar Protein Expression During Laminitis Induced by a 48h Prolonged Euglycemic-Hyperinsulinemic Clamp

Genome-Wide Transcriptome Profiling of Laminar Tissue During Early Stages of Carbohydrate Overload-Induced Equine Laminitis

Whole Genome Functional Analysis of Laminar Tissue From Horses With Laminitis Induced by Prolonged Euglycemic-Hyperinsulinemic Clamp

Clinical and Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitory Effects of Pentoxifylline on Carbohydrate Overload Laminitis: Preliminary Results

Isolation of Equine Hoof Epidermal Cells for in Vitro Studies

Chemical and Biological Properties of Aqueous Black Walnut Extracts That Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Laminitis

Microarray Analysis of Gene Expression in Laminar Tissue From Horses After Carbohydrate Overload

Laminar Inflammatory Gene Expression in the Carbohydrate Overload Model of Equine Laminitis

Laminar Regulation of STAT1 and STAT3 in the Black Walnut Extract and Carbohydrate Induced Models of Laminitis

Insulin Resistance – Hay Analysis and Subsequent Feeding Management

Use of Insulin Results From Overnight Dexamethasone Suppression Test to Identify Previously Laminitic Ponies

Deep Digital Flexor Tenotomy as a Treatment for Horses With Chronic Laminitis

Anoxia/Reoxygenation of Equine Endothelial Cells Produce Reactive Oxygen Species: An Oxymetric and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Investigation

Contractile Responses of Laminar Blood Vessels Isolated From Horses Given Black Walnut Heartwood Extract, Carbohydrate-Overload or LPS Infusion: Implications for Equine Laminitis

Effects of Intracecal Buffer Solution Treatment in Apoptosis of Epidermal Lamellar Cells in Horses With Experimental Laminitis

Potential Role of the Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathway in Equine Laminitis

Documentation of the Clinical Outcome of Four Laminitis Cases Managed With the Same Hoof Care and Dietary Management Protocol

Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin and Matrix Metalloproteinases in Laminar Tissue From Horses Subjected to Intestinal Obstruction and Treated With Hydrocortisone

Leukocyte Infiltration and the Role of Interleukin-6 During the Development of Oligofructose Induced Laminitis

Histopathology of Equine Hoof Wall, Skin and Chestnut in Acute Spontaneous Laminitis

Fructan, Sugar and Starch Concentrations in North American Grass