Original ResearchResponses of Domestic Horses and Ponies to Single, Combined and Conflicting Visual and Auditory Cues
Introduction
Domestic equine breed types (horses and ponies) are highly sensitive to cues, such as body language and auditory cues [1]. In relationships with human, equine breed types must correctly interpret human-given cues to learn novel skills, express desirable behaviors, and avoid actions unwanted by humans. Training often involves teaching equine breed types to respond to human-given cues through secondary conditioning, controlling behavior with auditory or visual signals [2]. It is possible to evaluate animals' ability to respond, and understand, human-given cues by using object-choice tests [3]. However, such tests have not been widely used to assess the capacity of domestic equine breed types to perceive, respond, and interact with human-given cues. The few object-choice tests conducted with equine breed types have been confined to visual cues [4], [5], [6], [7]. The capacity of equine breed types to respond to either auditory cues presented alone or simultaneous visual and auditory cues (combined cues) has not been investigated. The impact of presenting two cues that do not direct the animal to the same outcome (conflicting cues) may reduce the rate of correct responses, because in equine breed types, learning has previously been considered to be impaired by conflicting cues [8].
This study aimed to explore the capacity of equine breed types to perceive, respond, and interact with visual and auditory cues given by humans. Our hypotheses were tested using object-choice tests, where an animal must use a cue to make a correct choice to earn a reward. The primary hypothesis was that domestic equids could learn a task by using positively reinforced visual and auditory human-given cues. We hypothesized that combined cues would improve the likelihood of correct choice (approaching the bucket with the reward), but that horses' responses would be random when presented with conflicting cues. Previous object-choice tests have suggested that environmental and genetic factors are influential [3]. Given this, we predicted that ponies would outperform horses, as associations of learning ability with equine breed type and work history suggest ponies, renowned to be comparatively intelligent and adept at learning, with a history of selection for working in human-horse relationships involving traits such as low anxiousness and excitability/emotionality, and high obedience and patience, should be better able to use both visual and auditory cues than horses that are bred and trained predominantly for physical characteristics [9], [10], [11], [12].
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Subjects
Twenty subjects (10 geldings, 10 mares, 5–20 year old), 10 of each equine breed type (horses vs. ponies, equally distributed between sexes) participated. Subjects were from the Claremont Therapeutic Riding School, Western Australia, where they are involved in various activities, ridden by children, experienced riders, and disabled persons of varying experience. They have ad lib access to water and are fed hay twice daily. All the ponies and horses were familiar with each other because they were
Object-Choice Tests with Visual and Auditory Cues, Presented Alone and Combined
The correct bucket was chosen above chance level for each cue type (Table 1). Proportion of correct choices overall (0.62 ± 0.020) was also above chance level (t19 = 4.0874, P = .0003). There was no effect or interactions between cue type, breed type, and gender on proportion of correct choices (P > .05). There was an effect of breed type for the visual cue (χ21 = 5.279, P = .022), with ponies outperforming horses (P = .044; Fig. 2). Subjects did not exhibit a side bias (P > .05).
Total correct
Discussion
Our study confirms that Equus caballus are able to use visual and auditory cues in object-choice tests. These data indicate that horses and ponies respond equally well to vision and sound cue to locate food when presented alone and not better when visual and auditory cues are presented together. Our results suggest genetics may influence performance because ponies were faster and achieved higher scores especially in responding to visual cues, compared with horses. Despite auditory stimuli being
Conclusions
Horses and ponies were overall equally adept, motivated, and/or responsive to auditory and visual signals; however, ponies were more successful than horses at using visual cues. Combining cues involving different sensory modalities did improve neither success rates nor latency to make a choice. Confronted with auditory and visual cues presenting conflicting information, most subjects had no preference for a particular sensory cue and rather chose at random, however, some individuals tended to
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Board of Claremont Therapeutic Riding Centre and staff M'liss Henry, Louisa Barnacle, and Alex Faulkner. We are extremely grateful for their cooperation and generous permission to use their facilities and horses. We would also like to acknowledge the helpful comments from Dr Jennifer Kelley on the preparation of this manuscript.
Conflict of interest statement: No competing interests to be declared.
Contributors: A.(K.)P. has contributed to all aspects of the
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