Journal of Equine Veterinary Science
Volume 29, Issue 7 , Pages 569-574 , July 2009

Pharmacokinetics of Tramadol and Its Metabolites M1, M2, and M5 in Donkeys after Intravenous and Oral Immediate Release Single-Dose Administration

  • Mario Giorgi, ChemD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Veterinary Clinics, Pisa, Italy
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Mario Giorgi, ChemD, Department of Veterinary Clinics, V. le delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
    • ,
  • Sara Del Carlo, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pisa, Italy
    • ,
  • Micaela Sgorbini, DVM

      Affiliations

    • Department of Veterinary Clinics, Pisa, Italy
    • ,
  • Giuseppe Saccomanni, ChemD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pisa, Italy

References 

  1. Lee CR, McTavish D, Sorkin EM. Tramadol: A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential in acute and chronic pain states. Drugs. 1993;46:313–340
  2. Raffa RB, Friderichs E, Reimann W, Shank RP, Codd EE, Vaught JL. Opioid and nonopioid components independently contribute to the mechanism of action of tramadol, an ‘atypical’ opioid analgesic. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1992;260:275–285
  3. Subrahmanyam V, Renwick AB, Young PJ, Price RJ, Tonelli AP, Lake BG. Identification of cytochrome P-450 isoforms responsible for cis-tramadol metabolism in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001;29:1146–1155
  4. de Sousa AB, Santos AC, Schramm SG, Porta V, Górniak SL, Florio JC, et al. Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol in goats after intravenous and oral administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2008;31:45–51
  5. KuKanich B, Papich MG. Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and the metabolite O-desmethyltramadol in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2004;27:239–246
  6. Giorgi M, Saccomanni G, Lebkowska-Wieruszewska B, Kowalski C. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of tramadol and its major metabolites after single oral sustained tablet administration in the dog: a pilot study. Vet J. 2009;180:253–255
  7. Giorgi M, Soldani G, Manera C, Ferrarini PL, Sgorbini M, Saccomanni G. Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and its metabolites M1, M2 and M5 in horses following intravenous, immediate release (fasted/fed) and sustained release single dose administration. J Equine Vet Sci. 2007;27:481–488
  8. Shilo Y, Britzi M, Eytan B, Lifschitz T, Soback S, Steinman A. Pharmacokinetics of tramadol in horses after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2008;31:60–65
  9. Pypendop BH, Ilkiw JE. Pharmacokinetics of tramadol, and its metabolite O-desmethyl-tramadol, in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2008;31:52–59
  10. Elghazali M, Barezaik IM, Abdel Hadi AA, Eltayeb FM, Al Masri J, Wasfi IA. The pharmacokinetics, metabolism and urinary detection time of tramadol in camels. Vet J. 2008;178:272–277
  11. Giorgi M, Saccomanni G, Daniello MR, Manera C, Soldani G, Ferrarini PL, et al. In vitro metabolism of tramadol in horses: preliminary data. J Vet Pharmacol Therap. 2006;29:124
  12. Natalini CC, Robinson EP. Evaluation of the analgesic effects of epidurally administered morphine, alfentanil, butorphanol, tramadol, and U50488H in horses. Am J Vet Res. 2000;61:1579–1586
  13. Natalini CC, Robinson EP. Effects of epidural opioid analgesics on heart rate, arterial blood pressure, respiratory rate, body temperature, and behavior in horses. Vet Ther. 2003;4:364–375
  14. Mastrocinque S, Fantoni DT. A comparison of preoperative tramadol and morphine for the control of early postoperative pain in canine ovariohysterectomy. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2003;30:220–228
  15. Gibaldi M, Perrier D. Pharmacokinetics, 2nd ed. New York: M. Dekker; 1982;
  16. Grond S, Sablotzki A. Clinical pharmacology of tramadol. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2004;43:879–923
  17. Yamaoka K, Nakagawa T, Uno T. Statistical moments in pharmacokinetics. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm. 1978;6:547–558
  18. Grond S, Meuser T, Uragg H, Stahlberg HJ, Lehmann KA. Serum concentrations of tramadol enantiomers during patient-controlled analgesia. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;48:254–257
  19. McMillan CJ, Livingston A, Clark CR, Dowling PM, Taylor SM, Duke T, et al. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous tramadol in dogs. Can J Vet Res. 2008;72:325–331

PII: S0737-0806(09)00494-8

doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2009.05.010

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science
Volume 29, Issue 7 , Pages 569-574 , July 2009

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