Journal of Equine Veterinary Science
Volume 29, Issue 1 , Pages 47-59 , January 2009

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of the Distal Extremity

  • Mary Beth Whitcomb, DVM

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis.

References 

  1. Mair TS, Kinns J, Jones RD, Bolas NM. Magnetic resonance imaging of the distal limb of the standing horse: technique and review of 40 cases of foot lameness. Proceedings American Association of Equine Practitioners 2003;49:29–41.
  2. Murray RC, Roberts BL, Schramme MC, Dyson SJ, Branch M. Quantitative evaluation of equine deep digital flexor tendon morphology using magnetic resonance imaging. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2004;45:103–111
  3. Busoni V, Heimann M, Trenteseaux J, Snaps F, Dondelinger RF. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in the equine deep digital flexor tendon and distal sesamoid bone in advanced navicular disease: an ex vivo study. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2005;46:279–286
  4. Mair TS, Kinns J. Deep digital flexor tendonitis in the equine foot diagnosed by low-field magnetic resonance imaging in the standing patient: 18 cases. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2005;46:458–466
  5. Murray RC, Schramme MC, Dyson SJ, Branch MV, Blunden TS. Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of the foot in horses with palmar foot pain and control horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2006;47:1–16
  6. Murray RC, Blunden TS, Schramme MC, Dyson SJ. How does magnetic resonance imaging represent histologic findings in the equine digit. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2006;47:17–31
  7. Dyson S, Murray R. Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of 264 horses with foot pain: the podotrochlear apparatus, deep digital flexor tendon and collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint. Equine Vet J. 2007;39:340–343
  8. Puchalski SM, Snyder JR, Hornof WJ, MacDonald MH, Galuppo LD. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the equine distal extremity. In: Proceedings American Association of Equine Practitioners 2005;51:389–394.
  9. Puchalski SM, Galuppo LD, Hornof WJ, Wisner ER. Intraarterial contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the equine distal extremity. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2007;48:21–29
  10. Denoix JM, Crevier N, Azevedo C. Ultrasound examination of the pastern in horses. Proceedings American Association of Equine Practitioners. 1991;37:363–380
  11. Reimer JM. Ultrasonography of the pastern: 1. anatomy and pathology; 2. outcome of selected injuries in racehorses, in Proceedings American Association of Equine Practitioners 1997;43:123–125.
  12. Sage AM, Turner TA. Ultrasonography of the soft tissue structures of the equine foot. Equine Vet Educ. 2002;14:221–224
  13. Whitcomb MB. How to perform a complete ultrasonographic evaluation of the pastern. In: Proceedings American Association of Equine Practitioners 2005;51:465–472.
  14. Bolen G, Busoni V, Jacqmot O. Sonographic anatomy of the palmarodistal aspect of the equine digit. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2007;48:270–275
  15. Busoni V, Denoix JM. Ultrasonography of the podotrochlear apparatus in the horse using a transcuneal approach: technique and reference images. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2001;42:534–540
  16. Grewal JS, McClure SR, Booth LC, Evans RB, Caston SS. Assessment of the ultrasonographic characteristics of the podotrochlear apparatus in clinically normal horses and horses with navicular syndrome. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004;225:1881–1888
  17. Schneider RK, Tucker RL, Habegger SR, Brown J, Leathers CW. Desmitis of the straight distal sesamoidean ligament in horses: 9 cases (1995-1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003;222:973–977
  18. Sampson SN, Schneider RK, Tucker RL, Gavin PR, Zubrod CJ, Ho CP. Magnetic resonance imaging features of oblique and straight distal sesamoidean desmitis in 27 horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2007;48:303–311
  19. Gibson KT, Burbidge HM, Anderson BH. Tendonitis of the branches of insertion of the superficial digital flexor tendon in horses. Aust Vet J. 1997;75:253–256
  20. Jacquet S, Coudry V, Denoix JM. Severe tear of the collateral sesamoidean ligament in a horse. Vet Rec. 2006;159:818–820
  21. Turner TA, Sage SM. Desmitis of the distal interphalangeal collateral ligaments: 22 cases. In: Proceedings American Association of Equine Practitioners 2002;48:343–346.
  22. Dyson SJ, Murray R, Schramme M. Collateral desmitis of the distal interphalangeal joint in 18 horses (2001-2002). Equine Vet J. 2004;36:160–166

 Refereed

PII: S0737-0806(08)00397-3

doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2008.11.010

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science
Volume 29, Issue 1 , Pages 47-59 , January 2009

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