Journal of Equine Veterinary Science
Volume 28, Issue 8 , Pages 479-483 , August 2008

An Intensive Approach in the Treatment of Clinical Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis

  • Thomas R. Bello, DVM, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Thomas R. Bello, DVM, PhD, Sandhill Equine Center, PO Box 1313, Southern Pines, NC 28388.
  • ,
  • Tammy M. Allen, RVT

References 

  1. Dubey JP, Lindsay DS, Saville WJA, Reed SM, Granstrom DE, Speer CA. A review of Sarcocystis neurona and equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). Vet Parasitol. 2001;95:89–131
  2. Rooney JR, Prickett ME, Delaney FM, Crowe FW. Focal myelitis-encephalitis in horses. Cornell Vet. 1970;50:494–501
  3. Granstrom DE, Dubey JP, Davis SW, Fayer R, Fox JC, Poonacha KB, et al. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis: antigen analysis of cultured Sarcocystis neurona merozoites. J Vet Diag Invest. 1993;5:88–90
  4. Marsh AE, Lakritz J, Johnson PJ, Miller MA, Chiang Y, Chu H. Evaluation of immune response in horses immunized using a killed Sarcocystis neurona vaccine. Vet Ther. 2004;5:34–42
  5. Furr M. Immunity, pathophysiology, and diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Clin Tech Equine Pract. 2006;5:3–8
  6. Clinical dialogue: equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet. 2004;26(Suppl):5A:2–12
  7. Fudenberg HH, Fudenberg HH. Transfer factor: past, present and future. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1989;29:475–516
  8. Stites DP, Stobo JD, Fudenberg HH, Wells JV. Basic and clinical immunology. 4th ed.. Los Altos, CA: Lange Medical Publishers; 1982;
  9. Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation. Methodological Letter: Transfer factors use in immunorehabilitation after infectious-inflammatory and somatic diseases. Moscow: Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation; 2004;40 pp
  10. Ellison SP, Kennedy T, Brown KK. Early signs of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. J Appl Res Vet Med. 2003;1:272–278
  11. Divers TJ, Bowman DD, deLahunta A. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis: recent advances in diagnosis and treatment. Vet CE Advisor (Suppl) Vet Med. 2003;3–22
  12. Bello TR, Allen TM. The use of MicroLactin for inflammatory conditions in equine veterinary practice. J Equine Vet Sci. 2005;25:380–382
  13. Gingerich DA. Technical brief: pharmacology of MicroLactin. Phoenix, AZ: Veterinary Products Laboratories; 2002;
  14. Furr M, Kennedy TJ, MacKay R, Reed SM, Andrews F, Bernard B, et al. Efficacy of ponazuril 15% oral paste as a treatment for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Vet Ther. 2001;2:215–222
  15. MacKay RJ, Tanhauser ST, Gillis KD, Mayhew IG, Kennedy TJ. Effect of intermittent ponazuril on experimental Sarcocystis neurona infection of horses. Am J Vet Res. 2008;69:396–402
  16. Granstrom D. EPM: interpreting test results. The Horse 1995;July:8.
  17. Saville WJ, Reed SM, Morley PS. Examination of risk factors for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Proceedings 45th Convention American Association of Equine Practitioners. 1999;48–49
  18. MacKay RJ. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis: treatment, prognosis, and prevention. Clin Tech Equine Pract. 2006;5:9–16

 Refereed

PII: S0737-0806(08)00207-4

doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2008.07.004

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science
Volume 28, Issue 8 , Pages 479-483 , August 2008