Journal of Equine Veterinary Science
Volume 27, Issue 11 , Pages 481-488 , November 2007

Pharmacokinetics of Tramadol and its Metabolites M1, M2 and M5 in Horses Following Intravenous, Immediate Release (Fasted/Fed) and Sustained Release Single Dose Administration

  • Mario Giorgi, DChem

      Affiliations

    • Department of Veterinary Clinics, V. le delle Piagge, Pisa, Italy
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Mario Giorgi, DChem, Departments of Veterinary Clinics V.le delle Piagge 2 56124 Pisa, Italy.
    • ,
  • Giulio Soldani, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Veterinary Clinics, V. le delle Piagge, Pisa, Italy
    • ,
  • Clementina Manera, DChem

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Via Bonanno, Pisa, Italy
    • ,
  • PierLuigi Ferrarini, DChem

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Via Bonanno, Pisa, Italy
    • ,
  • Micaela Sgorbini, DVM

      Affiliations

    • Department of Veterinary Clinics, V. le delle Piagge, Pisa, Italy
    • ,
  • Giuseppe Saccomanni, DChem

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Via Bonanno, Pisa, Italy

References 

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  12. Raffa RB, Friderichs E, Reimann W, Shank RP, Codd EE, Vaught JL. Opioid and nonopioid components independently contribute to the mechanism of action of tramadol, an ‘atypical’ opioid analgesic. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1992;260:275–285
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  15. Garrido MJ, Valle M, Campanero MA, Calvo R, Troconiz IF. Modeling of the in vivo antinociceptive interaction between an opioid agonist, (+)-O-desmethyltramadol, and a monoamine reuptake inhibitor, (-)-O-desmethyltramadol, in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000;295:352–359
  16. Garrido MJ, Sayar O, Segura C, Rapado J, Dios-Vieitez MC, Renedo MJ, et al. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling of the antinociceptive effects of (+)-tramadol in the rat: role of cytochrome P450 2D activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003;305:710–718
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  19. Paar WD, Poche S, Gerloff J, Dengler HJ. Polymorphic CYP2D6 mediates O-demethylation of the opioid analgesic tramadol. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1997;53:235–239
  20. Scott LJ, Perry CM. Tramadol: a review of its use in perioperative pain. Drugs. 2000;60:139–176
  21. Nebbia C, Ceppa L, Dacasto M, Nachtmann C, Carletti M. Oxidative monensin metabolism and cytochrome P450 3A content and functions in liver microsomes from horses, pigs, broiler chicks, cattle and rats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2003;24:399–403
  22. Giorgi M, Saccomanni G, Daniello MR, Manera C, Soldani G, Ferrarini PL, et al. In vitro metabolism of tramadol in horses: preliminary data. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2006;26:124
  23. Wu WN, McKown LA, Gauthier AD, Jones WJ, Raffa RB. Metabolism of the analgesic drug, tramadol hydrochloride, in rat and dog. Xenobiotica. 2001;31:423–441
  24. Rouini MR, Ardakani YH, Soltani F, Aboul-Enein HY, Foroumadi A. Development and validation of a rapid HPLC method for simultaneous determination of tramadol, and its two main metabolites in human plasma. J Chromatogr B. 2006;830:207–211
  25. Raber M, Schulz HU, Schurer M, Bias-Imhoff U, Momberger H. Pharmacokinetic properties of tramadol sustained release capsules. 2nd communication: investigation of relative bioavailability and food interaction. Arzneim Forsch Drug Res. 1999;49:588–593

 Refereed

PII: S0737-0806(07)00342-5

doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2007.10.004

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science
Volume 27, Issue 11 , Pages 481-488 , November 2007

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