Journal of Equine Veterinary Science
Volume 27, Issue 9 , Pages 398-404 , September 2007

Serum Concentrations of Lidocaine and Its Metabolites MEGX and GX During and After Prolonged Intravenous Infusion of Lidocaine in Horses after Colic Surgery

  • C. Navas de Solís, LV

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: C. Navas de Solís, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802.
    • ,
  • H.C. McKenzie III, DVM, MS, Diplomate ACVIM

References 

  1. Van Hoogmoed LM, Nieto JE, Snyder JR, Harmon FA. Survey of prokinetic use in horses with gastrointestinal injury. Vet Surg. 2004;33:279–285
  2. Doherty TJ, Frazier DL. Effect of intravenous lidocaine on halothane minimum alveolar concentration in ponies. Equine Vet J. 1998;30:300–303
  3. Dzikiti TB, Hellebrekers LJ, van Dijk P. Effects of intravenous lidocaine on isoflurane concentration, physiological parameters, metabolic parameters and stress-related hormones in horses undergoing surgery. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med. 2003;50:190–195
  4. Cassuto J, Wallin G, Hogstrom S, Faxen A, Rimback G. Inhibition of postoperative pain by continuous low-dose intravenous infusion of lidocaine. Anesth Analg. 1985;64:971–974
  5. Groudine SB, Fisher HA, Kaufman RP, Patel MK, Wilkins LJ, Mehta SA, et al. Intravenous lidocaine speeds the return of bowel function, decreases postoperative pain, and shortens hospital stay in patients undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy. Anesth Analg. 1998;86:235–239
  6. Robertson SA, Sanchez LC, Merritt AM, Doherty TJ. Effect of systemic lidocaine on visceral and somatic nociception in conscious horses. Equine Vet J. 2005;37:122–127
  7. Brianceau P, Chevalier H, Karas A, Court MH, Bassage L, Kirker-Head C, et al. Intravenous lidocaine and small-intestinal size, abdominal fluid, and outcome after colic surgery in horses. J Vet Intern Med. 2002;16:736–741
  8. Malone E, Ensink J, Turner T, Wilson J, Andrews F, Keegan K, et al. Intravenous continuous infusion of lidocaine for treatment of equine ileus. Vet Surg. 2006;35:60–66
  9. Malone ED, Turner TA, Wilson JH. Intravenous lidocaine for treatment of equine ileus. J Vet Intern Med. 1999;13:229
  10. Nieto JE, Rakestraw PC, Snyder JR, Vatistas NJ. In vitro effects of erythromycin, lidocaine, and metoclopramide on smooth muscle from the pyloric antrum, proximal portion of the duodenum, and middle portion of the jejunum of horses. Am J Vet Res. 2000;61:413–419
  11. Rimback G, Cassuto J, Tollesson PO. Treatment of postoperative paralytic ileus by intravenous lidocaine infusion. Anesth Analg. 1990;70:414–419
  12. Cassuto B, Gfeller W. Use of intravenous lidocaine to prevent reperfusion injury and subsequent multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 2003;13:137–148
  13. Mama KR, Steffey EP. Drugs acting in the central nervous system, local anesthetics. In:  Adams HR editors. Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics. 8th ed.. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press; 2001;p. 355–359
  14. Bauer LA, Brown T, Gibaldi M, Hudson L, Nelson S, Raisys V, et al. Influence of long-term infusions on lidocaine kinetics. Clin Pharm Ther. 1982;31:433–437
  15. LeLorier J, Moisan R, Gagne J, Caille G. Effect of the duration of infusion on the disposition of lidocaine in dogs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1977;203:507–511
  16. Sawyer DR, Ludden TM, Crawford MH. Continuous infusion of lidocaine in patients with cardiac arrhythmias: unpredictability of plasma concentrations. Arch Intern Med. 1981;141:43–45
  17. Thomson PD, Melmon KL, Richardson JA, Cohn K, Steinbrunn W, Cudihee R, et al. Lidocaine pharmacokinetics in advanced heart failure, liver disease, and renal failure in humans. Ann Intern Med. 1973;78:499–508
  18. Wilcke JR, Davis LE, Neff-Davis CA, Koritz GD. Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and its active metabolites in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 1983;6:49–57
  19. Bruck R, Krepel Z, Bar-Meir S. Cimetidine and omeprazole have different effects on hepatic extraction of lidocaine in rats. Gastroenterology. 1990;99:857–859
  20. Lennard MS, Tucker GT, Woods HF. Time-dependent kinetics of lignocaine in the isolated perfused rat liver. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm. 1983;11:165–182
  21. Nation RL, Triggs EJ, Selig M. Lignocaine kinetics in cardiac patients and aged subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1977;4:439–448
  22. Olkkola KT, Isohanni MH, Hamunen K, Neuvonen PJ. The effect of erythromycin and fluvoxamine on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous lidocaine. Anesth Analg. 2005;100:1352–1356table of contents
  23. Sotaniemi EA, Rautio A, Backstrom M, Arvela P, Pelkonen O. CYP3A4 and CYP2A6 activities marked by the metabolism of lignocaine and coumarin in patients with liver and kidney diseases and epileptic patients. Brit J Clin Pharmacol. 1995;39:71–76
  24. Thomson AH, Elliott HL, Kelman AW, Meredith PA, Whiting B. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lignocaine and MEGX in healthy subjects. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm. 1987;15:101–115
  25. Vicuna N, Lalka D, Burrow SR, McLean AJ, du Souich P, McNay JL. Dose-dependent pharmacokinetic behavior of lidocaine in the conscious dog. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1978;22:485–491
  26. Bassan MM, Weinstein SR, Mandel WJ. Use of lidocaine by continuous infusion. Am Heart J. 1974;87:302–303
  27. Ochs HR, Carstens G, Greenblatt DJ. Reduction in lidocaine clearance during continuous infusion and by coadministration of propranolol. N Engl J Med. 1980;303:373–377
  28. Meyer GA, Lin HC, Hanson RR, Hayes TL. Effects of intravenous lidocaine overdose on cardiac electrical activity and blood pressure in the horse. Equine Vet J. 2001;33:434–437
  29. Valverde A, Gunkelt C, Doherty TJ, Giguere S, Pollak AS. Effect of a constant rate infusion of lidocaine on the quality of recovery from sevoflurane or isoflurane general anaesthesia in horses. Equine Vet J. 2005;37:559–564
  30. Strong JM, Parker M, Atkinson AJ. Identification of glycinexylidide in patients treated with intravenous lidocaine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1973;14:67–72
  31. Sellon DC, Roberts MC, Blikslager AT, Ulibarri C, Papich MG. Effects of continuous rate intravenous infusion of butorphanol on physiologic and outcome variables in horses after celiotomy. J Vet Intern Med. 2004;18:555–563
  32. LeLorier J, Grenon D, Latour Y, Caille G, Dumont G, Brosseau A, et al. Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine after prolonged intravenous infusions in uncomplicated myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med. 1977;87:700–706
  33. Davidson R, Parker M, Atkinson A. Excessive serum lidocaine levels during maintenance infusions: mechanisms and prevention. Am Heart J. 1982;104:203–208
  34. Halkin H, Meffin P, Melmon KL, Rowland M. Influence of congestive heart failure on blood vessels of lidocaine and its active monodeethylated metabolite. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1975;17:669–676
  35. Prescott LF, Adjepon-Yamoah KK, Talbot RG. Impaired lignocaine metabolism in patients with myocardial infarction and cardiac failure. Brit Med J. 1976;1:939–941
  36. Feary DJ, Mama KR, Wagner AE, Thomasy S. Influence of general anesthesia on pharmacokinetics of intravenous lidocaine infusion in horses. Am J Vet Res. 2005;66:574–580
  37. Engelking LR, Blyden GT, Lofstedt J, Greenblatt DJ. Pharmacokinetics of antipyrine, acetaminophen and lidocaine in fed and fasted horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 1987;10:73–82
  38. Feary DJ, Mama KR, Thomasy SM, Wagner AE, Enns RM. Influence of gastrointestinal tract disease on pharmacokinetics of lidocaine after intravenous infusion in anesthetized horses. Am J Vet Res. 2006;67:317–322
  39. Blumer J, Strong JM, Atkinson AJ. The convulsant potency of lidocaine and its N-dealkylated metabolites. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1973;186:31–36
  40. Haasio J, Hekali R, Rosenberg PH. Influence of premedication on lignocaine-induced acute toxicity and plasma concentrations of lignocaine. Brit J Anaesth. 1988;61:131–134
  41. Narang PK, Crouthamel WG, Carliner NH, Fisher ML. Lidocaine and its active metabolites. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1978;24:654–662
  42. Scott DB. Toxic effects of local anaesthetic agents on the central nervous system. Brit J Anaesth. 1986;58:732–735
  43. Wagman IH, De Jong RH, Prince DA. Effects of lidocaine on the central nervous system. Anesthesiology. 1967;28:155–172
  44. Waller ES. Pharmacokinetic principles of lidocaine dosing in relation to disease state. J Clin Pharmacol. 1981;21:181–194

 Refereed

PII: S0737-0806(07)00260-2

doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2007.07.007

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science
Volume 27, Issue 9 , Pages 398-404 , September 2007

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution